Dietary inflammatory index and its association with leptin and adiponectin in uygur overweight/obese adults / Índice de inflamación de la dieta y su relación con la leptina y la adiponectina en adultos de Uygur con sobrepeso/obesidad

Introduction: chronic inflammation contributes to a wide range of metabolic disorders through the influence of diet. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) was developed to measure the inflammation potential of diet. Objectives: Uygur adults have a high prevalence of obesity, but the causes of this condition remain unclear. In this study we investigated the association between DII and adipocytokines among overweight and obese Uygur adults. Methods: a total of 283 obese and overweight Uygur adults were included. Sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, dietary surveys and biochemical indicators were collected by standardized protocols. The DII score was calculated using a valid and reliable 93-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Linear regression was used to estimate the relationship between DII and adipocytokines. Results: the DII score was 1.35 ± 1.08, ranging from -2.14 to +3.11. There was a significant inverse correlation between DII and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the unadjusted model (β = -0.12, SE = 0.05, p = 0.02), and this remained after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index (BMI). DII was negatively associated with adiponectin (ADPN) ( = -203.15, p = 0.04) and positively associated with leptin (LEP) concentration ( = 1.64, p = 0.002) after adjustment for age, gender and BMI. Conclusion: a pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by a higher DII score, is associated with adipose tissue inflammation in Uygur adults and supports the hypothesis that diet may play a role in the development of obesity through inflammatory modulation mechanisms. A healthy anti-inflammatory diet is feasible for obesity intervention in the future.(AU)

Introducción: la inflamación crónica causa múltiples trastornos metabólicos a través de la influencia de la dieta. El índice de inflamación dietética(DII) se estableció para medir el potencial inflamatorio de la dieta.Objetivo: los adultos de Uygur presentan una alta prevalencia de obesidad, pero las causas de esta condición aún no están claras. En el presenteestudio se investigó la relación entre DII y adipocitocinas en adultos uigur con sobrepeso y obesidad.Métodos: se incluyeron 283 adultos de Uygur obesos y con sobrepeso. Las características sociodemográficas, antropométricas, dietéticas ybioquímicas se recogieron mediante un protocolo estandarizado. El índice DII se calculó utilizando un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria (FFQ)válido y fiable de 93 elementos. Se realizó una regresión lineal para estimar la relación entre DII y adipocitocinas.Resultados: la puntuación DII fue de 1,35 ± 1,08 y osciló entre -2,14 y +3,11. En el modelo no ajustado hubo una correlación negativa signi-ficativa entre DII y colesterol lipoproteínico de alta densidad (HDL-C) (β = -0,12, p = 0,02) que permaneció después de ajustar la edad, el sexoy el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Después de ajustar la edad, el sexo y el IMC, el DII se correlacionó negativamente con la concentración deadiponectina (β = - 203,15, p = 0,04) y positivamente con la concentración de leptina (β = 1,64, p = 0002).Conclusión: las puntuaciones más altas de DII sugieren que la dieta proinflamatoria está relacionada con la inflamación del tejido adiposo enlos adultos de Uygur, y apoyan la hipótesis de que la dieta puede desempeñar un papel en el desarrollo de la obesidad a través del mecanismode regulación de la inflamación. La dieta antiinflamatoria saludable es factible para futuras intervenciones de obesidad.(AU)

Dietary inflammatory index and its association with leptin and adiponectin in Uygur overweight/obese adults.

Introduction: Introduction: chronic inflammation contributes to a wide range of metabolic disorders through the influence of diet. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) was developed to measure the inflammation potential of diet. Objectives: Uygur adults have a high prevalence of obesity, but the causes of this condition remain unclear. In this study we investigated the association between DII and adipocytokines among overweight and obese Uygur adults. Methods: a total of 283 obese and overweight Uygur adults were included. Sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, dietary surveys and biochemical indicators were collected by standardized protocols. The DII score was calculated using a valid and reliable 93-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Linear regression was used to estimate the relationship between DII and adipocytokines. Results: the DII score was 1.35 ± 1.08, ranging from -2.14 to +3.11. There was a significant inverse correlation between DII and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the unadjusted model (ß = -0.12, SE = 0.05, p = 0.02), and this remained after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index (BMI). DII was negatively associated with adiponectin (ADPN) ( = -203.15, p = 0.04) and positively associated with leptin (LEP) concentration ( = 1.64, p = 0.002) after adjustment for age, gender and BMI. Conclusion: a pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by a higher DII score, is associated with adipose tissue inflammation in Uygur adults and supports the hypothesis that diet may play a role in the development of obesity through inflammatory modulation mechanisms. A healthy anti-inflammatory diet is feasible for obesity intervention in the future.

Introducción: Introducción: la inflamación crónica causa múltiples trastornos metabólicos a través de la influencia de la dieta. El índice de inflamación dietética (DII) se estableció para medir el potencial inflamatorio de la dieta. Objetivo: los adultos uigur presentan una alta prevalencia de obesidad, pero las causas de esta condición aún no están claras. En el presente estudio se investigó la relación entre DII y adipocitocinas en adultos uigur con sobrepeso y obesidad. Métodos: se incluyeron 283 adultos uigur obesos y con sobrepeso. Las características sociodemográficas, antropométricas, dietéticas y bioquímicas se recogieron mediante un protocolo estandarizado. El índice DII se calculó utilizando un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria (FFQ) válido y fiable de 93 elementos. Se realizó una regresión lineal para estimar la relación entre DII y adipocitocinas. Resultados: la puntuación DII fue de 1,35 ± 1,08 y osciló entre -2,14 y +3,11. En el modelo no ajustado hubo una correlación negativa significativa entre DII y colesterol lipoproteínico de alta densidad (HDL-C) (ß = -0,12, p = 0,02) que permaneció después de ajustar la edad, el sexo y el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Después de ajustar la edad, el sexo y el IMC, el DII se correlacionó negativamente con la concentración de adiponectina (ß = - 203,15, p = 0,04) y positivamente con la concentración de leptina (ß = 1,64, p = 0002). Conclusión: las puntuaciones más altas de DII sugieren que la dieta proinflamatoria está relacionada con la inflamación del tejido adiposo en los adultos uigur, y apoyan la hipótesis de que la dieta puede desempeñar un papel en el desarrollo de la obesidad a través del mecanismo de regulación de la inflamación. La dieta antiinflamatoria saludable es factible para futuras intervenciones de obesidad.

Effect of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise on increased adiponectin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients / Efecto del ejercicio en cinta de correr de intensidad moderada sobre el aumento de los niveles de adiponectina en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 psİcológİca / Efeito do exercício em esteira de intensidade moderada no aumento dos níveis de adiponectina em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adiponectin plays a significant role in the metabolic system in proinflammatory cytokine inhibition and glucose uptake utilization. The treadmill is an aerobic walking device that stimulates natural walking features. Exercises increase adiponectin levels leading to improvement in insulin sensitivity. Objectives: To analyze the effect of aerobic exercise using a moderate-intensity treadmill with a gradual increase in speed and inclination on adiponectin levels in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Twenty-two participants with T2DM were randomized into treadmill exercise and control groups. The experimental group underwent 30-minute sessions of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise with increasing speed and gradual inclination three times a week for four weeks. The control group underwent individual exercise for 150 minutes per week. Participants were assessed for clinical and laboratory parameters before and after the four-week program. Results: There was a significant increase in the adiponectin level from 456.3 ± 42 pg/ml to 586.3 ± 87.8 pg/ml (p=0.04, p<0.05) in the treadmill exercise group. In the control group, adiponectin only increased from 466.7 ± 85 pg/ml to 471.8 ± 59 pg/ml (p=0.646). Conclusions: Moderate-intensity treadmill with increasing speed and gradual inclination was found to lead to a significantly better outcome in improving adiponectin levels than standard individual physical exercise in managing T2DM. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of the treatment results.

RESUMEN Introducción: La adiponectina desempeña un papel importante en el sistema metabólico al inhibir las citoquinas proinflamatorias y al utilizar la captación de glucosa. La cinta de correr es un dispositivo de caminata aeróbica que estimula las características de la marcha natural. Los ejercicios aumentan el nivel de adiponectina, lo que se traduce en una mayor sensibilidad a la insulina. Objetivos: Analizar el efecto de los ejercicios aeróbicos en una cinta de correr de intensidad moderada con un aumento gradual de la velocidad y la inclinación sobre los niveles de adiponectina en hombres con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Método: Veintidós participantes con DMT2 fueron asignados aleatoriamente a grupos de ejercicio en cinta de correr y de control. El grupo experimental realizó sesiones de ejercicio en cinta de correr de 30 minutos de intensidad moderada con velocidad creciente e inclinación gradual tres veces por semana durante cuatro semanas. El grupo de control se sometió a ejercicios individuales durante 150 minutos a la semana. Se evaluaron los parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio de los participantes antes y después del programa de cuatro semanas. Resultados: Hubo un aumento significativo del nivel de adiponectina de 456,3 ± 42 pg/ml a 586,3 ± 87,8 pg/ml (p=0,04, p<0,05) en el grupo de ejercicio en cinta de correr. En el grupo de control, la adiponectina presentó un pequeño aumento de 466,7 ± 85 pg/ml a 471,8 ± 59 pg/ml (p=0,646). Conclusión: Se descubrió que los ejercicios en cinta de correr de intensidad moderada con velocidad creciente e inclinación gradual conducen a un resultado significativamente superior en la mejora de los niveles de adiponectina en comparación con los ejercicios individuales estándar en el tratamiento de la DMT2. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: A adiponectina desempenha um papel significativo no sistema metabólico na inibição da citocina pró-inflamatória e na utilização da captação de glicose. A esteira é um aparelho de caminhada aeróbica que estimula as características da caminhada natural. Os exercícios aumentam o nível de adiponectina, resultando na melhora da sensibilidade à insulina. Objetivos: Analisar o efeito de exercícios aeróbicos em uma esteira de intensidade moderada com um aumento gradual de velocidade e inclinação sobre os níveis de adiponectina em homens com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Método: Vinte e dois participantes com DMT2 foram randomizados para grupos de exercício em esteira e controle. O grupo experimental realizou sessões de 30 minutos de exercício em esteira de intensidade moderada com velocidade crescente e inclinação gradual três vezes por semana durante quatro semanas. O grupo de controle se submeteu a exercício individual durante 150 minutos por semana. Os participantes foram avaliados em relação aos parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais antes e após o programa de quatro semanas. Resultados: Houve um aumento significativo no nível de adiponectina de 456,3 ± 42 pg/ml para 586,3 ± 87,8 pg/ml (p=0,04, p<0,05) no grupo de exercício em esteira. No grupo de controle, a adiponectina apresentou um pequeno aumento de 466,7 ± 85 pg/ml para 471,8 ± 59 pg/ml (p=0,646). Conclusão: Descobriu-se que exercícios na esteira de intensidade moderada com velocidade crescente e inclinação gradual conduzem a um resultado significativamente superior na melhora dos níveis de adiponectina em relação a exercícios físicos individuais padrão ao tratar o DMT2. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação de resultados do tratamento.

[Cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance in childhood leukemia survivors]. / Riesgo cardiovascular y resistencia insulínica en supervivientes de leucemia infantil.

Introduction: Material and methods: a retrospective study of childhood acute leukemia survivors. Survivors with a diagnosis of leukemia before 16 years of age in a tertiary hospital, during the period of 1998-2018, were selected, who had completed their treatment at least two years earlier. We examined: blood adipokine levels and carbohydrate metabolism, body composition by bioimpedance, and carotid status by ultrasound. Somatometric measures were also taken. Results: the registry showed 82 children diagnosed with acute leukemia, aged between 6 and 16 years. Only 22 met the criteria to be included in the study. Results reveled that 32 % of the sample met the criteria for overweight-obesity, and 36 % had high insulin resistance indexes (IR). Leptin levels were higher in women (15.45 vs. 3.25; p = 0.044) and in obese and overweight subjects, as was the leptin/adiponectin ratio, which rises in the presence of IR (2.52 vs. 0.45; p = 0.037). We observed an increase in carotid intima-media thickness in relation to BMI (0.008; CI, -0.002 to 0.013; p = 0.007) without any association with an increase in fat mass in these patients (0.204; CI, -0.043 to 0.451; p = 0.101). Conclusions: childhood leukemia survivors have a high cardiovascular risk, characterized by an increase in IR, not associated with an increase in fat mass. This risk could justify the implementation of preventive actions in these long-lived patients.

Introducción: Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo de supervivientes de leucemia aguda en edad infantil. Se seleccionaron aquellos supervivientes con diagnóstico de leucemia antes de los 16 años de edad, en un hospital de tercer nivel y durante el período 1998-2018, que hubieran finalizado su tratamiento como mínimo dos años antes. Se analizaron: niveles de adipokinas y metabolismo hidrocarbonado en sangre, composición corporal mediante bioimpedancia y evaluación ecográfica carotídea. Se tomaron además datos somatométricos. Resultados: de 82 niños con diagnóstico de leucemia aguda, con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 16 años, incluidos en el registro, solamente 22 cumplieron los criterios para ser incluídos en el estudio. Entre los resultados destaca que el 32 % de la muestra cumplían los criterios de sobrepeso-obesidad y el 36 % presentaban índices de resistencia insulínica (RI) elevados. Los niveles de leptina fueron más elevados en las mujeres (15,45 vs. 3,25; p = 0,044) y en los individuos con obesidad o sobrepeso, así como la ratio leptina/adiponectina, que se eleva en presencia de RI (2,52 vs. 0,45; p = 0,037). Se observó un incremento del grosor mediointimal carotídeo en relación con el IMC (0,008; IC: -0,002 a 0,013; p = 0,007) sin asociarse a un aumento de masa grasa en estos pacientes (0,204; IC: -0,043 a 0,451; p = 0,101). Conclusiones: los pacientes supervivientes de leucemia en la edad infantil tienen un riesgo cardiovascular elevado, caracterizado por un aumento de la RI no asociado a aumento de la masa grasa. Este riesgo podría justificar la implementación de medidas preventivas en estos pacientes, cada vez más longevos.

The leptin/adiponectin ratio as prognostic marker for dyslipidemia during 1 year of follow-up in pediatric patients receiving kidney replacement therapy.

Introduction: Background: leptin and adiponectin are associated with cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and could be useful prognostic factors. Objectives. to explore the usefulness of the leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) to predict the presence or worsening of dyslipidemia during 1 year of follow-up in children receiving kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Material and methods: a prospective cohort study was performed. Pediatric KRT patients aged between 8 and 17 years who were undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were included. At enrollment, the lipid profile, adiponectin and leptin levels, and somatometric measurements, including body fat percentage, were determined. At the one-year follow-up, the lipid profile was reassessed. Results: of the 70 patients included, the median age was 13 years, and there was no sex predominance (52.8 % males). At the end of follow-up, the patients were divided into three groups: those without dyslipidemia (WOD), those who developed or experienced worsening of their dyslipidemia (DWD) and those with persistent dyslipidemia (PD). A LAR > 0.85 (OR, 16.7) and body fat percentage (OR, 1.46) were associated with an increased risk of PD and DWD at 12 months, independently of urea level, BMI Z-score, benzafibrate treatment, CKD progression time, and replacement treatment. Conclusions: a LAR > 0.85 and fat body percentage at the beginning of follow-up were strongly associated with the presence, persistence or worsening of dyslipidemia at the 12-month follow-up in children with KRT.

Introducción: Antecedentes: la leptina y la adiponectina se asocian con enfermedad cardiovascular en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y podrían ser factores pronósticos útiles. Objetivos: explorar la utilidad del cociente leptina/adiponectina (LAR) para predecir la presencia o empeoramiento de la dislipidemia durante 1 año de seguimiento en niños que reciben terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR). Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohortes prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes pediátricos con TRR de entre 8 y 17 años que estaban en hemodiálisis o diálisis peritoneal. Al inicio del estudio se determinaron el perfil lipídico, los niveles de adiponectina y leptina, y las mediciones somatométricas, incluido el porcentaje de grasa corporal. En el seguimiento de un año, se reevaluó el perfil de lípidos. Resultados: de los 70 pacientes incluidos, la mediana de edad fue de 13 años y no hubo predominio de sexo (52,8 % de varones). Al final del seguimiento, los pacientes se dividieron en tres grupos: aquellos sin dislipidemia (SD), aquellos que desarrollaron o experimentaron un empeoramiento de su dislipidemia (ED) y aquellos con dislipidemia persistente (PD). Un LAR > 0,85 (OR: 16,7) y el porcentaje de grasa corporal (OR: 1,46) se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de ED y PD a los 12 meses, independientemente del nivel de urea, la puntuación Z del IMC, el tratamiento con benzafibrato, el tiempo de progresión de la ERC y el tratamiento de reemplazo. Conclusiones: un LAR > 0,85 y el porcentaje de grasa corporal al inicio del seguimiento se asociaron fuertemente con la presencia, persistencia o empeoramiento de la dislipidemia a los 12 meses de seguimiento en niños con TRR.

The leptin/adiponectin ratio as prognostic marker for dyslipidemia during 1 year of follow-up in pediatric patients receiving kidney replacement therapy / Índice leptina/adiponectina como indicador pronóstico de dislipidemia durante 1 año de seguimiento en pacientes pediátricos que reciben terapia de reemplazo renal

Background: leptin and adiponectin are associated with cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and could be useful prognostic factors. Objectives: to explore the usefulness of the leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) to predict the presence or worsening of dyslipidemia during 1 year of follow-up in children receiving kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Material and methods: a prospective cohort study was performed. Pediatric KRT patients aged between 8 and 17 years who were undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were included. At enrollment, the lipid profile, adiponectin and leptin levels, and somatometric measurements, including body fat percentage, were determined. At the one-year follow-up, the lipid profile was reassessed. Results: of the 70 patients included, the median age was 13 years, and there was no sex predominance (52.8 % males). At the end of follow-up, the patients were divided into three groups: those without dyslipidemia (WOD), those who developed or experienced worsening of their dyslipidemia (DWD) and those with persistent dyslipidemia (PD). A LAR > 0.85 (OR, 16.7) and body fat percentage (OR, 1.46) were associated with an increased risk of PD and DWD at 12 months, independently of urea level, BMI Z-score, benzafibrate treatment, CKD progression time, and replacement treatment. Conclusions: a LAR > 0.85 and fat body percentage at the beginning of follow-up were strongly associated with the presence, persistence or worsening of dyslipidemia at the 12-month follow-up in children with KRT. (AU)

Antecedentes: la leptina y la adiponectina se asocian con enfermedad cardiovascular en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y podrían ser factores pronósticos útiles. Objetivos: explorar la utilidad del cociente leptina/adiponectina (LAR) para predecir la presencia o empeoramiento de la dislipidemia durante 1 año de seguimiento en niños que reciben terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR). Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohortes prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes pediátricos con TRR de entre 8 y 17 años que estaban en hemodiálisis o diálisis peritoneal. Al inicio del estudio se determinaron el perfil lipídico, los niveles de adiponectina y leptina, y las mediciones somatométricas, incluido el porcentaje de grasa corporal. En el seguimiento de un año, se reevaluó el perfil de lípidos. Resultados: de los 70 pacientes incluidos, la mediana de edad fue de 13 años y no hubo predominio de sexo (52,8 % de varones). Al final del seguimiento, los pacientes se dividieron en tres grupos: aquellos sin dislipidemia (SD), aquellos que desarrollaron o experimentaron un empeoramiento de su dislipidemia (ED) y aquellos con dislipidemia persistente (PD). Un LAR > 0,85 (OR: 16,7) y el porcentaje de grasa corporal (OR: 1,46) se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de ED y PD a los 12 meses, independientemente del nivel de urea, la puntuación Z del IMC, el tratamiento con benzafibrato, el tiempo de progresión de la ERC y el tratamiento de reemplazo. Conclusiones: un LAR > 0,85 y el porcentaje de grasa corporal al inicio del seguimiento se asociaron fuertemente con la presencia, persistencia o empeoramiento de la dislipidemia a los 12 meses de seguimiento en niños con TRR. (AU)

Riesgo cardiovascular y resistencia insulínica en supervivientes de leucemia infantil / Cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance in childhood leukemia survivors

Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo de supervivientes de leucemia aguda en edad infantil. Se seleccionaron aquellos supervivientes con diagnóstico de leucemia antes de los 16 años de edad, en un hospital de tercer nivel y durante el período 1998-2018, que hubieran finalizado su tratamiento como mínimo dos años antes. Se analizaron: niveles de adipokinas y metabolismo hidrocarbonado en sangre, composición corporal mediante bioimpedancia y evaluación ecográfica carotídea. Se tomaron además datos somatométricos. Resultados: de 82 niños con diagnóstico de leucemia aguda, con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 16 años, incluidos en el registro, solamente 22 cumplieron los criterios para ser incluídos en el estudio. Entre los resultados destaca que el 32 % de la muestra cumplían los criterios de sobrepeso-obesidad y el 36 % presentaban índices de resistencia insulínica (RI) elevados. Los niveles de leptina fueron más elevados en las mujeres (15,45 vs. 3,25; p = 0,044) y en los individuos con obesidad o sobrepeso, así como la ratio leptina/adiponectina, que se eleva en presencia de RI (2,52 vs. 0,45; p = 0,037). Se observó un incremento del grosor mediointimal carotídeo en relación con el IMC (0,008; IC: -0,002 a 0,013; p = 0,007) sin asociarse a un aumento de masa grasa en estos pacientes (0,204; IC: -0,043 a 0,451; p = 0,101). Conclusiones: los pacientes supervivientes de leucemia en la edad infantil tienen un riesgo cardiovascular elevado, caracterizado por un aumento de la RI no asociado a aumento de la masa grasa. Este riesgo podría justificar la implementación de medidas preventivas en estos pacientes, cada vez más longevos. (AU)

Material and methods: a retrospective study of childhood acute leukemia survivors. Survivors with a diagnosis of leukemia before 16 years of age in a tertiary hospital, during the period of 1998-2018, were selected, who had completed their treatment at least two years earlier. We examined: blood adipokine levels and carbohydrate metabolism, body composition by bioimpedance, and carotid status by ultrasound. Somatometric measures were also taken. Results: the registry showed 82 children diagnosed with acute leukemia, aged between 6 and 16 years. Only 22 met the criteria to be included in the study. Results reveled that 32 % of the sample met the criteria for overweight-obesity, and 36 % had high insulin resistance indexes (IR). Leptin levels were higher in women (15.45 vs. 3.25; p = 0.044) and in obese and overweight subjects, as was the leptin/adiponectin ratio, which rises in the presence of IR (2.52 vs. 0.45; p = 0.037). We observed an increase in carotid intima-media thickness in relation to BMI (0.008; CI, -0.002 to 0.013; p = 0.007) without any association with an increase in fat mass in these patients (0.204; CI, -0.043 to 0.451; p = 0.101). Conclusions: childhood leukemia survivors have a high cardiovascular risk, characterized by an increase in IR, not associated with an increase in fat mass. This risk could justify the implementation of preventive actions in these long-lived patients. (AU)

Doença renal crônica e níveis séricos de adiponectina / Chronic kidney disease and serum adiponectin levels

Introdução: No Brasil, ainda há poucos estudos que comprovem a relação da adiponectina com a doença renal crônica, porém alguns estudos vêm demonstrando que os níveis de ADPN podem estar aumentados significativamente nestes pacientes. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os níveis de adiponectina em pacientes renais hemodialisados, correlacionando com os possíveis fatores associados à sua variação sérica, como: fatores demográficos, tempo de hemodiálise, comorbidades e índice de massa corporal. Métodos: Estudo de delineamento observacional transversal com 89 portadores de doença renal crônica da Clínica de Doenças Renais de Tubarão/SC nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2013. Foi feita a entrevista e, em seguida, realizada a dosagem de adiponectina, através de um teste imunoenzimático em plasma heparinizado. Os dados coletados foram: sexo, raça, idade, escolaridade, tempo de hemodiálise em meses, comorbidades, peso e altura referidos. Resultados: Dos pacientes, 53 (59,55%) eram do sexo masculino; 74 (83,15%) eram brancos; 48 (53,9%) tinham até 59 anos; 68 (76,4%) estudaram por até oito anos; 45 (50,6%) faziam hemodiálise havia mais de dois anos, e 79 (88,76%) apresentavam alguma comorbidade. Entre as comorbidades mais citadas, houve 63 (70,79%) hipertensos, 37 (41,57%) diabéticos e 16 (17,97%) pacientes apresentaram infecção urinária de repetição. Nas análises, a concentração média de adiponectina foi de 1,49µg/mL. Conclusão: Em decorrência dos valores encontrados abaixo do valor de referência da adiponectina, os dados avaliados devem ser analisados com cautela. Além disso, os níveis séricos de adiponectina não obtiveram correlação com as variáveis analisadas. No entanto, deve-se considerar a contemporaneidade do assunto e que merece atenção por parte dos demais pesquisadores.

Introduction: Few studies have been published in Brazil proving the relationship between adiponectin (ADPN) and chronic kidney disease; however, some studies have shown that ADPN levels can be significantly increased in these patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine ADPN levels in patients with kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis and to correlate them with factors possibly associated with their variation such as demographic aspects, duration of hemodialysis treatment, comorbidities, and body mass index. Methods: This is a study of observational cross-sectional design performed with 89 patients with chronic kidney disease at the Kidney Disease Clinic of Tubarão - SC in October and November 2013. At first, an interview was performed; then, ADPN measurements were done through an mmunoenzymatic assay using heparinized plasma. The collected data were: sex, ethnicity, age, education level, duration of hemodialysis treatment (in months), comorbidities, and self-reported weight and height. Results: Out of the studied patients, 53 (59.55%) were male, 74 (83.15%) were White, 48 (53.9%) were 59 years old or younger, 68 (76.4%) had up to 8 years of education, 45 (50.6%) had been on hemodialysis treatment for more than 2 years, and 79 (88.76%) had some type of comorbidity. Considering the most frequently cited comorbidities, 63 (70.79%) patients reported hypertension, 37 (41.57%) reported diabetes, and 16 (17.97%) reported repeated urinary tract infections. The serum analyses showed a mean ADPN concentration of 1.49µg/mL. Conclusion: Due to the values found below the adiponectin reference value, the evaluated data should be analyzed with caution. In addition, serum levels of adiponectin did not correlate with the variables analyzed. However, the contemporaneity of the subject must be considered, which deserves attention from other researchers.

A Adiponectina Previne a Reestenose pela Inibição da Proliferação Celular em um Modelo de Enxerto Venoso em Ratos / Adiponectin Prevents Restenosis Through Inhibiting Cell Proliferation in a Rat Vein Graft Model

Resumo Fundamento: O enxerto de bypass na artéria coronária (CABG) continua a ser eficiente como tratamento para pacientes portadores de doença arterial coronariana; entretanto, o enxerto venoso tende a apresentar reestenose ou oclusão. A adiponectina (ADP) é uma proteína hormonal plasmática com a função de regular a proliferação celular. Objetivo: Foram utilizadas duas doses diferentes da proteína ADP em um modelo de enxerto venoso em ratos para estimular a alteração do enxerto venoso. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da ADP sobre a reestenose em enxerto venoso. Métodos: Veias jugulares autólogas foram implantadas como enxertos interposicionais de carótida pela técnica de anastomose de manga em ratos Sprague Dawley. A adiponectina (2,5 μg e 7,5 μg) foi entregue ao enxerto venoso por bypass de forma perivascular, suspensa em gel Pluronic-F127 a 30%. O grupo tratado apenas com bypass e o grupo tratado com gel veículo carregado apenas com Pluronic funcionaram como controle. Foram feitas comparações com análise de via única de variância e teste post-hoc, com p <0,05 sendo considerado significativo. Resultados: A proliferação celular (índice de PCNA) foi significativamente baixa no grupo tratado com adiponectina em comparação com o grupo de controle e o grupo tratado com o gel veículo na íntima e na adventícia dos enxertos a partir do dia 3 (p <0,01). VCAM-1 e ICAM-1 avaliados por imuno-histoquímica diminuíram significativamente em enxertos venosos tratados com adiponectina na quarta semana (p <0,01). O tratamento de enxertos venosos com gel carregado com adiponectina reduziu a espessura da íntima, da média e da adventícia, em comparação com os enxertos de controle e tratados com gel veículo no dia 28 (p <0,01). Conclusões: Este estudo oferece evidências adicionais do possível papel terapêutico da adiponectina na modulação de lesão vascular e seu reparo.

Abstract Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) continues to be an effective therapy for coronary artery disease patients, but the vein graft is prone to restenosis or occlude. Adiponectin (ADP) is a plasma hormone protein with the function of regulating cell proliferation. Objective: This study used two different doses of ADP protein in a rat vein graft model to stimulate vein graft change. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of ADP on vein graft restenosis. Methods: Autologous jugular veins were implanted as carotid interposition grafts through the anastomotic cuff technique in Sprague Dawley rats. Adiponectin (2.5 μg and 7.5 μg) was delivered to the vein bypass grafts in a perivascular fashion, suspended in a 30% Pluronic-F127 gel. No treatment (bypass only) and vehicle loaded Pluronic gel served as controls. Comparisons were made with one-way analysis of variance and a post-hoc test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Cell proliferation (PCNA index) was significantly low in adiponectin-treated versus control and vehicle-gel-treated grafts, both in intima and adventitia, as of day 3 (p < 0.01). VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 evaluated by immunohistochemistry significantly down-regulated in the adiponectin-treated vein grafts in the fourth week (p <0.01). Treatment of vein grafts with adiponectin-loaded gels reduced intimal, media, and adventitia thickness when compared with the control and vehicle-gel-treated vein grafts at day 28 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our studies provide further support for the potential therapeutic role of adiponectin in modulating vascular injury and repair.

Evaluation of the Blood Level of Adiponectin in Pregnant Adolescents / Avaliação dos níveis séricos de adiponectina em gestantes adolescentes

Abstract Objective To evaluate serum levels of adiponectin in pregnant adolescents between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation. Method: A prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 67 normal pregnant women between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation and eutrophic (body mass index [BMI]: 18.5-25 kg/m2), of which 36 were adolescents (< 20 years old) and 31 adults (≥ 20 years old). Serum adiponectin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The t-student or Mann-Whitney tests were used for intergroup comparison. Results Pregnant adolescents showed significantly higher serum adiponectin concentrations comparedwith pregnant adults (p=0.04). No differences were observed in adiponectin levels in younger pregnant adolescents (< 16 years old) compared with older pregnant adolescents (≥ 16 years old). Adiponectin values were divided into 3 subgroups:<3,000 ng/mL, between 3,000 and 5,000 ng/mL, and>5,000 ng/mL. Birthweight was significantly higher in women>5,000 ng/mL when compared with<3,000 ng/mL in the adolescent group. No association between pregestational adiponectin levels and BMI, gestational weight gain, and gestational age was observed; however, there was a positive relation with birthweight (p=0.0239). Conclusion Serum adiponectin values in pregnant adolescents between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation were higher compared with pregnant adults; however, no differences between younger and older pregnant adolescents were observed.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os níveis séricos de adiponectina em gestantes adolescentes entre 30 e 36 semanas de gestação. Métodos Estudo prospectivo e transversal incluindo 67 gestantes normais entre 30 a 36 semanas e eutróficas (índice de massa corporal [IMC]: 18,5-25 kg/m2), sendo 36 adolescentes (< 20 anos) e 31 adultas (≥ 20 anos). Os níveis séricos de adiponectina foram avaliados por teste imunoenzimático (ELISA, na sigla em inglês). Para a comparação entre os grupos, utilizou-se os testes t-Student ou Mann-Whitney. Resultados As gestantes adolescentes apresentaram significativamente maiores concentrações séricas de adiponectina do que as adultas (p=0,04). Não houve diferenças nos níveis de adiponectina quando comparadas as gestantes adolescentes precoces (< 16 anos) às tardias (≥ 16 anos). Os valores de adiponectina foram subdivididos em3 grupos:<3.000 ng/mL, entre 3.000 e 5.000 ng/mL e>5.000 ng/mL. O peso do recém-nascido foi significantemente maior nas mulheres com>5.000 ng/mL, quando comparadas as com<3.000 ng/mL no grupo das adolescentes. Não foi observada associação entre os níveis de adiponectina e o IMC pré-gestacional, ganho de peso gestacional e a idade gestacional, porém houve relação positiva com o peso do recém-nascido (p=0,0239). Conclusão Os valores séricos de adiponectina em gestantes adolescentes entre 30 e 36 semanas de gestação foram maiores do que os das gestantes adultas; contudo, sem diferenças entre gestantes adolescentes precoces e tardias.

Diseño y validación de un ensayo de minisecuenciación múltiple para detectar polimorfismos asociados con Síndrome Metabólico / Design and validation of a multiple minisequencing assay to detect polymorphisms associated with Metabolic Syndrome

Resumen Introducción: Es importante identificar los polimorfismos de interés clínico en patologías complejas como el Síndrome Metabólico. Por esto, las metodologías para su evaluación deben estar diseñadas y validadas correctamente, esto permite optimizar recursos y tiempo en la genotipificación y detección correcta de los alelos presentes en los individuos. Objetivo: Diseñar y validar una PCR múltiple, seguida de detección por minisecuenciación, para la genotipificación de ocho polimorfismos de nucleótido simple ubicados en el gen del Receptor Beta 3-Adrenérgico (rs4994 y rs4998), gen de la Apolipoproteina A5 (rs3135506 y rs2075291), gen de la Adiponectina (rs1501299 y rs2241766) y gen del Receptor Activador de la Proliferación de los Peroxisomas tipo gamma (rs1801282 y rs1800571), asociados con el síndrome metabólico. Materiales y métodos: Se diseñaron 24 cebadores para la amplificación y detección de ocho polimorfismos de nucleótido sencillo ubicados en cuatro genes candidatos a estar asociados con el síndrome metabólico, usando el software Primer3®. Dieciséis fueron diseñados para amplificar los polimorfismos y ocho para detectarlos por minisecuenciación. Las estructuras secundarias entre los cebadores se verificaron con el software Autodimer. Los polimorfismos se amplificaron simultáneamente y los fragmentos amplificados se acoplaron a las sondas diseñadas para detectar por minisecuenciación el alelo presente, por medio de bases marcadas con fluorocromos. Finalmente, los alelos fueron detectados por electroforesis capilar en un analizador genético ABI 310 y se interpretaron con el software GeneMapper®. La validación del multiplex se realizó genotipando 20 muestras de individuos, cada uno de ellos autorizó este procedimiento por medio del consentimiento informado. Resultados: Se obtuvieron los perfiles genéticos de los 20 controles genotipados, a partir de la amplificación múltiple, seguida de minisecuenciación, diseñada y validada para detectar los ocho polimorfismos. Conclusión: Se diseñó y validó un ensayo para la detección simultánea de los polimorfismos, ubicados en cuatro genes asociados con el Síndrome metabólico. Los cuales pueden ser empleados como referencia para futuros estudios poblacionales.

Abstract Introduction: It is important to identify the polymorphisms of clinical interest in complex pathologies such as Metabolic Syndrome. Therefore, the methodologies for its evaluation must be designed and validated correctly, this permits optimization of resources and time in genotyping and correct detection of the alleles present in individuals. Objective: To design and validate a multiplex PCR, followed by detection by minisequencing, for the genotyping of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the Beta 3-Adrenergic Receptor gene (rs4994 and rs4998), Apolipoprotein A5 gene (rs3135506 and rs2075291), Adiponectin gene (rs1501299 and rs2241766) and gamma-type Peroxisome Proliferation Activating Receptor gene (rs1801282 and rs1800571), associated with metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods: Twenty-four primers were designed for the amplification and detection of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms located in four candidate genes to be associated with the metabolic syndrome, using the Primer3® software. Sixteen were designed to amplify the polymorphisms and eight to detect them by minisequencing. The secondary structures between the primers were verified with Autodimer software. The polymorphisms were simultaneously amplified, and the amplified fragments were coupled to probes designed to minisequence the present allele using fluorochrome-labeled bases. Finally, the alleles were detected by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI 310 genetic analyzer and analyzed with the GeneMapper® software. The validation of the multiplex was performed by genotyping 20 individual samples, each of them authorized this procedure through informed consent. Results: The genetic profiles of the 20 genotyped controls were obtained, from multiple amplification, followed by minisequencing, designed and validated to detect the eight polymorphisms. Conclusion: An essay was designed and validated for the simultaneous detection of polymorphisms, located in four genes associated with metabolic syndrome, and can used as a reference for future population studies.

Adiponectin gene variant rs266729 interacts with different macronutrient distributions of two different hypocaloric diets during nine months.

INTRODUCTION: Background: the role of ADIPOQ gene variants on metabolic changes after weight loss secondary to different hypocaloric diets remains unclear and poorly investigated. Objective: we evaluated the effect of polymorphism rs266729 of ADIPOQ gene on biochemical changes and weight loss after a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet vs a standard severe hypocaloric diet during 9 months. Material and methods: a population of 269 obese patients was enrolled in a randomized intervention trial for 9 months with two diets. Diet HP (high protein) was 33 % of carbohydrates (86.1 g/day), 33 % of fat (39.0 g/day), and 34 % of proteins (88.6 g/day). Diet S (standard) was 1093 cal/day, 53 % carbohydrates (144.3 g/day), 27 % fats (32.6 g), and 20 % proteins (55.6 g/day). Before and after the intervention an anthropometric evaluation, an assessment of nutritional intake, and a biochemical analysis were carried out. Results: all patients lost weight regardless of genotype and diet. After the intervention with a high protein hypocaloric diet (diet HP) only subjects with CC genotype showed significant improvement in cholesterol (14.4 ± 1.8 md/dL vs -5.0 ± 1.9 mg/dL; p = 0.02), LDL-cholesterol (14.4 ± 1.9 mg/dL vs -5.1 ± 1.8 mg/dL; p = 0.01), insulin (-4.1 ± 0.3 mU/L vs -2.0 ± 0.6 mU/L; p = 0.02), HOMA-IR (-1.4 ± 0.2 units vs -0.5 ± 0.3 units; p = 0.02) and adiponectin (10.2 ± 1.4 ng/dL vs 3.1 ± 1.1 ng/dL; p = 0.01) levels. After the second dietary strategy with a standard hypocaloric diet (diet S) only subjects with CC genotype showed significant improvement in total cholesterol (CC vs CG + GG) (-17.1 ± 1.9 md/dL vs -5.3 ± 1.3 mg/dL; p = 0.02), LDL-cholesterol (-12.3 ± 1.9 mg/dL vs -8.0 ± 1.2 mg/dL; p = 0.01), insulin (-4.0 ± 0.9 mU/L vs -1.3 ± 0.5 mU/L; p = 0.02), HOMA-IR (-1.2 ± 0.1 units vs -0.6 ± 0.2 units; p = 0.02), and adiponectin (11.1 ± 2.7 ng/dL vs 3.3 ± 1.2 ng/dL; p = 0.02) levels. Conclusion: non G-allele carriers showed a better response of LDL-cholesterol, HOMA-IR, insulin, and adiponectin levels than G-allele carriers before weight loss with both diets.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: el papel de las variantes del gen ADIPOQ en los cambios metabólicos después de la pérdida de peso secundaria a diferentes dietas hipocalóricas sigue sin estar claro y es un área poco investigada. Objetivo: evaluamos el efecto del polimorfismo rs266729 del gen ADIPOQ sobre los cambios bioquímicos y la pérdida de peso después de una dieta con alto contenido en proteínas y baja en carbohidratos frente a una dieta hipocalórica severa estándar durante 9 meses. Material y métodos: se reclutó una muestra de 269 pacientes obesos en un ensayo de intervención aleatorizado de 9 meses con dos dietas. La dieta HP (alta en proteínas) tenía la siguiente composicion: 33 % de carbohidratos (86,1 g/día), 33 % de grasas (39,0 g/día) y 34 % de proteínas (88,6 g/día). La dieta S (estándar), de 1093 cal/día, tenía 53 % de carbohidratos (144,3 g/día), 27 % de grasas (32,6 g) y 20 % de proteínas (55,6 g/día). Antes y después de la intervención se realizaron una evaluación antropométrica, una valoración de la ingesta nutricional y un análisis bioquímico. Resultados: todos los pacientes bajaron de peso independientemente del genotipo y la dieta utilizada. Después de la intervención con la dieta HP, solo los sujetos con genotipo CC mostraron una mejoría significativa de los niveles de colesterol (14,4 ± 1,8 mg/dl vs. -5,0 ± 1,9 mg/dl; p = 0,02), colesterol-LDL (14,4 ± 1,9 mg/dl frente a -5,1 ± 1,8 mg/dl; p = 0,01), insulina (-4,1 ± 0,3 mU/L frente a -2,0 ± 0,6 mU/L; p = 0,02), HOMA-IR (-1,4 ± 0,2 unidades frente a -0,5 ± 0,3 unidades; p = 0,02) y adiponectina (10,2±1,4 ng/dl frente a 3,1 ± 1,1 ng/dl; p = 0,01). Después de la segunda estrategia dietética con una dieta hipocalórica estándar (dieta S), solo los sujetos con genotipo CC mostraron una mejora significativa de los niveles de colesterol total (CC vs. CG + GG) (-17,1 ± 1,9 mg/dl vs. -5,3 ± 1,3 mg/dl; p = 0,02), colesterol-LDL (-12,3 ± 1,9 mg/dl frente a -8,0 ± 1,2 mg/dl; p = 0,01), insulina (-4,0 ± 0,9 mU/L frente a -1,3 ± 0,5 mU/L; p = 0,02), HOMA-IR (-1,2 ± 0,1 unidades frente a -0,6 ± 0,2 unidades; p = 0,02) y adiponectina (11,1 ± 2,7 ng/dl frente a 3,3 ± 1,2 ng/dl; p = 0,02). Conclusión: los no portadores del alelo G mostraron una mejor respuesta de los niveles de colesterol-LDL, HOMA-IR, insulina y adiponectina que los portadores del alelo G antes de la pérdida de peso con ambas dietas.

ADIPQ gene polymorphism rs266729 (-11377 C>G) and metabolic syndrome risk in a Mexican population of western Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: obesity often leads to deregulation and disrupting of the function of adipokines, which leads to various altered conditions, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Adiponectin is one of the main adipokines secreted by adipocytes. The ADIPQ gene polymorphism rs266729 (-11377 C>G) is significantly associated with metabolic alterations related to obesity in different populations. Mexico has a high prevalence of obesity and risk factors associated with MetS. We investigated the association of the ADIPQ gene polymorphism rs266729 (-11377 C>G) with MetS in a Mexican population of western Mexico. Methods: a total of 101 MetS patients and 70 unrelated healthy subjects were genotyped for ADIPQ polymorphism rs266729 using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: we found a higher frequency of the minor allele G in MetS patients, as compared to that observed in the control group (OR = 2.17; 95 % CI, 1.26-3.70; p = 0.003). Also, the GG genotype was significantly associated with MetS risk under codominant (OR = 4.0; 95 % CI, 1.32-11.71; p = 0.014), dominant (OR = 2.16; 95 % CI, 1.12-4.03; p = 0.018), and recessive (OR = 3.33; 95 % CI, 1.14-9.45; p = 0.033) genetic models. Conclusion: our findings suggest that the minor allele G in the ADIPQ gene polymorphism rs266729 constitutes a risk factor for the development of MetS in a Mexican population of western Mexico.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la obesidad frecuentemente tiene como consecuencia una desregulación y disrupción de la función de las adipocinas, que dan lugar a varias alteraciones, incluyendo el síndrome metabólico (SM). La adiponectina es una de las principales adipocinas secretadas por los adipocitos. El polimorfismo rs266729 (-11377 C>G) del gen ADIPOQ se ha asociado significativamente con alteraciones metabólicas relacionadas con la obesidad en diferentes poblaciones. México tiene una alta prevalencia de obesidad y de factores de riesgo asociados al SM. En el presente estudio investigamos la asociación del polimorfismo rs266729 (-11377 C>G) del gen ADIPOQ con el SM en una población mexicana del occidente de México. Metodos: a un total de 101 pacientes con SM y 70 sujetos sanos no relacionados se les identificó el polimorfismo rs266729 por el método de la PCR-RFLP. Resultados: encontramos una mayor frecuencia del alelo menor G en los pacientes con SM, en comparación con la frecuencia observada en el grupo de control (OR = 2,17; IC 95 %: 1,26-3,70; p = 0,003). Asimismo, el genotipo GG se asoció significativamente con el SM bajo los modelos genéticos codominante (OR = 4,0; IC 95 %: 1,32-11,71; p = 0,014), dominante (OR = 2,16; IC 95 %: 1,12-4,03; p = 0,018) y recesivo (OR = 3,33; IC 95 %: 1,14-9,45; p = 0,033). Conclusión: nuestros resultados sugieren que el alelo menor G del polimorfismo rs266729 (-11377 C>G) del gen ADIPOQ representa un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de SM en la población mexicana del occidente de México.

Biomarcadores de adiposidad y perfil lipídico en escolares costarricenses del distrito de San Juan de la Union, de la provincia de Cartago / Adiposity biomarkers and lipid profile in Costa Rican school children in San Juan de La Union district, Cartago province

Resumen: Introducción: Las alteraciones en las concentraciones plasmáticas de leptina y adiponectina son la causa de las alteraciones metabólicas en la infancia como, por ejemplo, resistencia a la insulina, glicemias elevadas y perfil lipídico alterado. El desequilibrio de estas adipoquinas es la consecuencia metabólica del exceso de tejido adiposo en el individuo. La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública en el mundo, al ser una condición predisponente para el desarrollo de exceso de peso en la adultez y, consecuentemente, de padecimientos crónicos como enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes, síndrome metabólico, entre otras. De ahí la importancia de su detección en etapas tempranas de la vida para su prevención o tratamiento. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el perfil lipídico y biomarcadores de adiposidad, con el fin de establecer la prevalencia de dislipidemias y riesgo de aterogenicidad en niños escolares del distrito de Tres Ríos, cantón de La Unión, provincia de Cartago. Metodología: Se determinó la concentración plasmática de leptina, adiponectina, insulina y lípidos de un grupo de 108 escolares del cantón de La Unión, Cartago, Costa Rica, con edades entre 6 y 10 años, a los cuales se les realizó la evaluación antropométrica y la determinación por duplicado de los biomarcadores. Resultados: Las concentraciones plasmáticas de colesterol total y triglicéridos se encontraban fuera del rango de normalidad en la población en estudio. El exceso de peso evidencia una relación significativa y positiva con las concentraciones plasmáticas de leptina e insulina. Condiciones como la edad y el sexo no afectaron el comportamiento de los indicadores estudiados. Conclusiones: El colesterol total, los triglicéridos, la leptina e insulina podrían constituirse en indicadores metabólicos para el monitoreo del riesgo de enfermedades crónicas en poblaciones pediátricas.

Summary: Introduction: Childhood obesity is a public health problem in the world, being a predisposing condition for the development of excess weight in adulthood and consequently of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, among others, hence the importance of its detection in early stages of life for prevention and / or treatment. Alterations in plasma concentrations of leptin and adiponectin in childhood are the reason for the metabolic alterations that may occur in this population such as insulin resistance, high blood sugar levels and altered lipid profile. The imbalance of these adipokines is the metabolic consequence of excess adipose tissue in the individual. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to analyze the lipid profile and biomarkers of adiposity, in order to establish the prevalence of dyslipidemias and risk of atherogenicity in school children in the Tres Ríos district, La Unión canton, Cartago province. Methodology: The serum concentration of leptin, adiponectin, insulin and lipids was determined from a group of 108 schoolchildren from the canton of La Unión, Cartago, Costa Rica, aged between 6 and 10 years, to whom the anthropometric evaluation and duplicate determination of biomarkers. Results: Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides were outside the normal range in the study population. Excess weight shows a significant and positive relationship with plasma concentrations of leptin and insulin. Conditions such as age and sex did not affect the behavior of the indicators studied. Conclusions: Total cholesterol, triglycerides, leptin, and insulin could be metabolic indicators for monitoring the risk of chronic diseases in pediatric populations.

Impacto del consumo de carne magra de cerdo sobre el riesgo cardiovascular / The impact of lean pork meat consumption on cardiovascular risk

Resumen Introducción: El valor nutritivo de las proteínas derivadas de la carne magra de cerdo ha cambiado ostensiblemente con la tecnificación en la producción y la posibilidad de obtener productos que conserven un alto valor nutritivo. No obstante, en nuestro medio su consumo se ha estigmatizado por un posible aumento de riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del consumo de la carne magra de cerdo sobre algunos parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos de riesgo cardiovascular. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de seguimiento a un grupo de 47 personas sanas que consumieron 200 gramos de carne magra de cerdo durante un periodo de ocho semanas, durante las cuales se valoraron parámetros bioquímicos, antropométricos, nutricionales y de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: Se observó que, tanto a las cuatro como a las ocho semanas, los niveles de colesterol LDL y triglicéridos no variaron. No obstante, los niveles de colesterol HDL y los micronutrientes zinc, hierro y vitamina B12 aumentaron en plasma luego de ocho semanas de consumo de carne magra de cerdo. De igual forma, marcadores metabólicos, como la adiponectina y el IGF-1, incrementaron luego de ocho semanas de consumo. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con estas observaciones la carne magra de cerdo puede mejorar el aporte de algunos micronutrientes y parámetros metabólicos sin que se haya evidenciado un efecto adverso sobre ciertos parámetros de riesgo cardiovascular en individuos sanos.

Abstract Introduction: The nutritional value of proteins derived from lean pork meat has essentially changed with the introduction of technology in the production and the possibility of obtaining products that retain a high nutritional value. However, its consumption has been stigmatised in this country due to a possible increase in cardiovascular risk. Objective: To evaluate the impact of consuming lean pork meat on some anthropometric and biochemical parameters of cardiovascular risk. Methods: A follow-up study was conducted on a population of 47 healthy subjects that consumed 200 grammes of lean pork meat for a period of 8 weeks. An evaluation was made of some biochemical, anthropometric, nutritional and cardiovascular risk parameters. Results: No changes were observed in the LDL-cholesterol or triglyceride levels. However, the plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol, as well as those of micronutrients such as zinc, iron and vitamin B12, increased after 8 weeks of consuming lean pork meat. Furthermore, metabolic markers, like adiponectin and IGF-1, also increased after eight weeks of consumption. Conclusions: According to these observations, lean pork meat may improve the supply of some micronutrients, as well as some metabolic parameters, with no evidence of any adverse effects on certain cardiovascular risk factors in healthy individuals.

Responses of plasma adipokines to high intensity interval training: systematic review / Respostas das adipocinas plasmáticas ao treino intervalado de alta intensidade: revisão sistemática / Respuestas de las adipocinas plasmáticas al entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad: revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT Introduction Obesity is one of the major diseases of modern times. However, the explanation for its pathophysiology is recent and has not yet been fully elucidated. White adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes adipokines that affect several pathologies related to obesity. Excessive growth of this tissue results in increased levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines and a consequent decrease in anti-inflammatory adipokines. Nevertheless, most studies use moderate intensity training, limiting the understanding of high intensity interval training in these proteins. Objective To verify the latest information on the effects of HIIT in improving the profile of circulating adipokines. Methods A search was performed on the databases PUBMED, Lilacs, HighWire, BVS and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, with the following keywords: HIIT adipokines, HIIT leptin, HIIT adiponectin. Eleven studies were selected, published in English and Portuguese between 2013 and 2017. Results HIIT proved to be effective in increasing adiponectin in the adolescent population and in Olympic athletes, but this depended on a good prescription parameter and exercise intensity. However, maximum or supramaximal intensities were superior to low and moderate intensities. In turn, leptin presented a significant decrease in response to HIIT due to the reduction of adipose tissue, demonstrating a directly proportional relation. Other adipokines, such as omentin-1 and interleukin-10, also responded positively to HIIT, resulting in improved anti-inflammatory status. Conclusion HIIT proved to be an efficient method to reduce inflammation due to obesity, as well as inducing an improvement in sports performance. However, the effects depend on training volume, intensity and prescription method. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic study-Investigating the results of treatment.

RESUMO Introdução A obesidade é uma das principais doenças dos tempos modernos. Entretanto, a explicação da sua fisiopatologia é recente e ainda não foi totalmente esclarecida. O tecido adiposo branco sintetiza e secreta adipocinas que acometem diversas patologias relacionadas à obesidade. O aumento excessivo desse tecido resulta no aumento dos níveis de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias e na consequente diminuição de adipocinas anti-inflamatórias. Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos utiliza o treinamento de intensidade moderada, limitando o entendimento do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade nessas proteínas. Objetivo Verificar as mais recentes informações sobre os efeitos do HIIT na melhoria do perfil das adipocinas circulantes. Métodos Foi realizada uma pesquisa nos bancos de dados PUBMED, Scielo, Lilacs, HighWire, BVS e Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews com as seguintes palavras chaves: HIIT adipokines, HIIT leptin, HIIT adiponectin. Onze estudos foram selecionados, publicados em inglês e em português, entre os anos de 2013 e 2017. Resultados O HIIT mostrou-se eficiente para aumentar a adiponectina na população adolescente e em atletas olímpicos, mas isso depende de um bom parâmetro de prescrição e da intensidade do exercício. Entretanto, as intensidades máximas ou supramáximas se mostraram superiores às intensidades baixas e moderadas. Por sua vez, a leptina apresentou significativa diminuição em resposta ao HIIT devido à redução do tecido adiposo, demonstrando uma relação diretamente proporcional. Outras adipocinas, como a omentina-1 e a Iiterleucina-10, também responderam de forma positiva ao HIIT, resultando em um melhor estado anti-inflamatório. Conclusão O HIIT demonstrou ser um método eficiente para diminuir a inflamação decorrente da obesidade, assim como induzir uma melhora no rendimento esportivo. Entretanto, os efeitos dependem do volume de treino, intensidade e método de prescrição. Nível de evidência I; Estudo terapêutico-Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La obesidad es una de las principales enfermedades de los tiempos modernos. Entretanto, la explicación de su fisiopatología es reciente y aún no se ha dilucidado completamente. El tejido adiposo blanco sintetiza y secreta adipocinas que afectan diversas patologías relacionadas a la obesidad. El aumento excesivo de este tejido resulta en el aumento de los niveles de adipocinas proinflamatorias y la consiguiente disminución de las adipocinas antiinflamatorias. Entretanto, la mayoría de los estudios usa el entrenamiento de intensidad moderada, limitando el entendimiento del entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad en estas proteínas. Objetivo Verificar las más recientes informaciones sobre los efectos de HIIT en la mejora del perfil de las adipocinas circulantes. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda en los bancos de datos PUBMED, Lilacs, HighWire, BVS y Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews con las siguientes palabras llave: HIIT adipokines, HIIT leptin, HIIT adiponectin. Se seleccionaron 11 estudios, publicados en inglés y portugués entre 2013 y 2017. Resultados El HIIT se mostró eficiente para aumentar la adiponectina en la población adolescente y en atletas olímpicos, pero eso depende de un buen parámetro de prescripción e intensidad del ejercicio. Entretanto, las intensidades máximas o supramáximas se mostraron superiores a las intensidades bajas y moderadas. A su vez, la leptina present ó disminución significativa en respuesta al HIIT debido a la reducción del tejido adiposo, demostrando una relación directamente proporcional. Otras adipocinas, como omentina-1 e interleucina-10, también respondieron positivamente al HIIT, resultando en un mejor estado antiinflamatorio. Conclusión El HIIT demostró ser un método eficiente para disminuir la inflamación proveniente de la obesidad, así como inducir una mejora en el rendimiento deportivo. Entretanto, los efectos dependen del volumen de entrenamiento, la intensidad y el método de prescripción. Nivel de evidencia I, Estudio terapéutico - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effect of two different dietary fatty acid profiles and variant rs266729 in ADIPOQ on weight loss and adiponectin concentrations.

BACKGROUND: The role of ADIPOQ gene rs266729 variants on weight loss after a dietary intervention are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of the ADIPOQ gene rs266729 variant n weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors, and adiponectin levels after two hypocaloric diets with different dietary fatty profiles. DESIGN: A population of 362 obese patients was enrolled in a randomized clinical trial with two diets (Diet M, monounsaturated fat-enriched diet, and Diet P, polyunsaturated-fat enriched diet). Anthropometric measurements, an assessment of nutritional intake, and biochemical tests were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks. RESULTS: Weight loss was similar with both diets. After Diet M, only subjects with CC genotype showed significant improvements in total cholesterol (CC vs. CG±GG) (-9.0±1.1mU/L vs. -4.5±2.4mg/dL, p=0.01), LDL cholesterol (-6.0±1.1mg/dL vs. -3.0±0.9mg/dL, p=0.03), glucose (-4.7±1.1mg/dL vs. -0.6±0.5mg/dL, p=0.01), and insulin levels (-2.6±1.0mU/L vs. -0.7±0.3mU/L, p=0.02) and in HOMA-IR (-0.5±0.2 units vs. -0.2±0.4 units, p=0.03). The same improvement was reported after Diet P in all parameters, including total cholesterol (CC vs. CG±GG) (-8.0±1.2mU/L vs. -2.1±1.4mg/dL, p=0.02), LDL cholesterol (-7.3±1.2mg/dL vs. -2.1±0.8mg/dL, p=0.02), glucose (-3.2±0.1mg/dL vs. -0.2±0.5mg/dL, p=0.01), and insulin levels (-2.5±1.0mU/L vs. -1±0.6mU/L, p=0.02) and HOMA-IR (-0.5±0.1 units vs. -0.3±0.4 units, p=0.02). Only subjects with CC genotype showed significant increases in adiponectin levels after both diets: (Diet M: 10.3±2.0ng/dL vs. Diet P: 9.3±2.9ng/dL, p=0.43). CONCLUSION: The CC genotype of ADIPOQ gene rs266729 variant is associated to increased adiponectin levels and decreases in LDL cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels after weight loss.

The role of adiponectin in ischemia-reperfusion syndrome: a literature review / O papel da adiponectina na síndrome de isquemia e reperfusão: revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT Adiponectin, among other diverse adipokines, is produced in greater quantity and has an effect on the adipose tissue and other tissues in the body. Adiponectin plays three main roles: regulatory metabolic and sensitizing function of insulin in the liver and muscles; it acts as an anti-inflammatory cytokine and in vascular protection, besides important cardiac protection in the presence of ischemia-reperfusion syndrome. Since many situations resulting from traumatic accidents or pathologies are due to cell damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion syndrome, it is relevant to study new therapeutic alternatives that will contribute to reducing these lesions. The objective of this study is to carry out a literature review on the role of adiponectin in ischemia-reperfusion syndrome.

RESUMO A adiponectina, em meio a outras diversas adipocinas, é a produzida em maior quantidade e exerce efeitos no próprio tecido adiposo e em outros diversos tecidos do organismo. Dentre suas funções, a adiponectina apresenta três principais papéis: função metabólica regulatória e sensibilizadora da insulina no fígado e nos músculos atua como citocina anti-inflamatória e vasculoprotetora, além de exercer importante fator cardioprotetor na presença da síndrome de isquemia e reperfusão. Visto que inúmeras situações decorrentes de acidentes traumáticos ou patologias recaem no dano celular causado pela síndrome de isquemia e reperfusão, observa-se a importância de estudar novas alternativas terapêuticas que venham a contribuir para a diminuição dessas lesões. O objetivo do presente estudo é realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o papel da adiponectina na síndrome de isquemia e reperfusão.